Sports Performance

An iron-containing protein within red blood cells responsible for transporting oxygen.

A measurement of the volume of red blood cells compared to the total blood volume (red blood cells and plasma).

A measurement of the average amount of haemoglobin in a single red blood cell.

A measurement of haemoglobin concentration in a red blood cell relative to the cells volume.

A component of blood that carries oxygen and carbon dioxide around the body.

A measurement of the mean size of red blood cells.

A type of immune white blood cell, found in the blood with enzymes that are released during allergic reactions.

A type of immune white blood cell, found in the blood and in lymph tissue.

A type of immune white blood cell that releases enzymes in response to gastrointestinal infection, allergic reaction.

A type of immune white blood cell that travel through the blood to kill micro-organisms and remove dead cells.

A type of immune white blood cell that has an important role in the immune system and helps the body fight bacterial infection.

A component of blood that are part of the body’s immune system, helping the body fight infection and disease.

A component of blood that prevent bleeding and allow blood to clot.

A total cholesterol blood test measures the overall amount of cholesterol in your blood, including both HDL and LDL cholesterol. 

Commonly known as ‘bad’ cholesterol, LDL is a fat that circulates in the blood, moving cholesterol around the blood stream.

Commonly known as ‘good’ cholesterol, HDL carries LDL (bad) cholesterol away from the arteries and back to the liver.

A type of fat that is the most common type of fat in the blood, used by the body for energy.

Apo A1 is a major component of HDL cholesterol and is involved in removing excess cholesterol from the body. 

ApoB is a protein essential for carrying cholesterol and other fats throughout your body – with high levels are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and LDL.

ApoC-II is a protein involved in the breakdown of fats (triglycerides) in the bloodstream.

Apo C-III is an important protein involved in triglyceride metabolism, Elevated levels are linked to increased risk of cardiovascular disease

Apolipoprotein E is a protein involved in the breakdown of fats. ApoE test can help identify the role of genetic factors in cardiovascular disease.

This test measures the different subfractions of lipids, such as low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL).

The high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) test is a blood test that finds lower levels of C-reactive protein (CRP). Hs-CRP tests can help identify more cardiovascular issues and chronic inflammation over the long term.

Total Cholesterol / HDL Cholesterol Ratio is a calculated marker that compares your total cholesterol to your “good” HDL cholesterol, helping to assess overall cardiovascular risk and the balance between protective and potentially harmful lipoproteins.

Apolipoprotein B / A-I Ratio is a calculated marker that compares the number of atherogenic (plaque-forming) lipoprotein particles (ApoB) to protective HDL particles (ApoA-I), providing a refined assessment of cardiovascular risk beyond standard cholesterol levels.

Homocysteine is an amino acid in the body. A serum test is often used to diagnose vitamin B6, B9 or B12 deficiency. People with elevated homocysteine may have a higher risk for cardiovascular disease.

Glutathione reductase is responsible for maintaining the supply of reduced glutathione, responsible for managing oxidative stress. The most common measure of riboflavin (B2) is red blood cell glutathione reductase activity.

GLDH measurements can be used to further evaluate the liver function.

A mineral the body needs to make haemoglobin, a substance in the blood that carries oxygen from the lungs to the body.

A protein that binds to iron and stores it for use by the body.

A Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC) blood test measures how well your blood can carry iron. It assesses the amount of transferrin, a protein in your blood that binds to and transports iron throughout your body. 

An HbA1c blood test, also known as a glycated hemoglobin test, is a blood test that measures your average blood sugar levels over the past 2-3 months. 

A blood glucose test is used to find out if your blood sugar levels are in a healthy range. It can be used to help diagnose and monitor diabetes.

Cortisol is a steroid hormone, often referred to as a ‘stress’ hormone – that regulates a wide range of vital processes throughout the body, including metabolism and the immune response.

DHEA-S is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands, which plays an important role in testosterone and oestrogen production.

A waste product left over from the breakdown of creatine, creatine is used to supply energy mainly to the muscles.

eGFR (estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate) is a calculated measure of how efficiently your kidneys are filtering waste from your blood, helping to assess overall kidney function and detect early signs of kidney impairment.

A protein produced by all cells and filtered out by the kidneys, Cystatin C levels in your blood can be used to assess kidney function.

A way of measuring the calcium in our blood more accurately by taking your albumin level into account of how much usable calcium is in your blood.

A type of salt in the body that works with other minerals to keep things balanced.

A mineral in the body that is needed hundreds of processes to keep the body healthy.

A mineral that helps build strong bones and teeth, produce energy, and repair cells and tissues.

A mineral that helps your heart, muscle and nerves function properly.

A mineral needed by the body to keep body fluids in homeostasis (balance).

A waste product formed by the breakdown of amino acids from protein in the liver.

A waste product left over from normal chemical processes in the body and found in the urine and blood.

A protein that binds to iron and stores it for use by the body.

ALT is an enzyme found mostly in the liver which helps the liver break down proteins to make them easier for your body to absorb.

ALP is an enzyme found in the bloodstream. It helps break down proteins in the body and exists in different organs.

An enzyme found in your liver, heart, muscles, and a few other parts of the body, to help process amino acids.

GGT is an enzyme found in the liver that helps with the metabolism of substances in the body.

A measurement of the amount of the substance bilirubin, produced during the breakdown of red blood cells.

Albumin is a protein found in the plasma of blood, albumin carries substances such as hormones, medicines, and assists with neutralisation of free radicals.

Female: In females, FSH helps control the menstrual cycle and the production of eggs by the ovaries.

Male: In males, follicle stimulating hormone helps control the production and maintenance of sperm cells.

Female: In females, LH stimulates the ovaries to produce oestradiol, triggering ovulation and development of the corpus luteum.

Male: In males, Luteinising hormone stimulates Leydig cells in the testes to produce testosterone, which acts locally to support sperm production.

Female: In females, oestradiol interacts with the hypothalamus and pituitary gland to control the development of the follicle, ovulation and the menstrual cycle.

Male: Oestradiol is a form of oestrogen, in men it is essential for modulating libido, erectile function, and spermatogenesis.

Female: Progesterone is a sex hormone produced in the adrenal glands and ovaries, it plays an important role in regulating menstruation and pregnancy.

Male: Progesterone is a sex hormone produced by adrenal glands and testes in males, necessary for spermatogenesis binds testosterone

Female: Prolactin is a hormone responsible for lactation, breast development, and hundreds of other actions needed to maintain normal bodily function.

Male: Prolactin is a sex hormone produced by the pituitary gland, typically exists in low levels in men.

Female: Testosterone is produced in the ovaries and adrenal glands, it regulates many bodily processes including: fertility, libido, muscle mass, fat distribution.

Male: Testosterone is produced in the testes and adrenal glands, it regulates fertility, muscle mass, strength, libido, fat distribrution.

Free testosterone is the portion of testosterone in the blood that is not bound to proteins such as sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) or albumin. It represents the biologically active form of testosterone that can enter cells and exert effects on tissues.

Free Androgen Index (FAI) is a calculated ratio of total testosterone to sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), used to estimate the amount of biologically active (free) testosterone available in the body.

Female: Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) is a protein that transports androgens and oestrogens in the blood and regulates their access to target tissues.

Male: Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) is a protein that transports androgens and oestrogens in the blood and regulates their access to target tissues.

The high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) test is a blood test that finds lower levels of C-reactive protein (CRP). Hs-CRP tests can help identify more cardiovascular issues and chronic inflammation over the long term.

A protein (enzyme) found mostly in your muscles, including your heart and brain to help your muscles produce energy.

A CK-MB blood test measures the level of creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) in your blood, an enzyme predominantly found in heart muscle.

C-reactive protein is a protein produced by the liver, concentrations rise in response to inflammation. A high or increasing amount of CRP in your blood can suggest that you have an acute infection or inflammation.

A way of measuring the calcium in our blood more accurately by taking your albumin level into account of how much usable calcium is in your blood.

A mineral in the body that is needed hundreds of processes to keep the body healthy.

A mineral needed by the body to keep body fluids in homeostasis (balance).

Albumin is a protein found in the plasma of blood, albumin carries substances such as hormones, medicines, and assists with neutralisation of free radicals.

A Total Antioxidant Status (TAS) blood test measures the overall antioxidant capacity of a blood sample, reflecting the body’s ability to neutralize harmful free radicals (known to cause cellular damage).

Measures the amount of folate (vitamin B9) in your blood. This test is used to assess your folate levels, which are crucial for various bodily functions like red blood cell formation, DNA synthesis, and cellular repair.

A red cell folate blood test measures the amount of folate (Vitamin B9) stored in your red blood cells. Red cell folate levels provide a more reliable indicator of the body’s overall folate stores over time compared to serum folic acid tests.

A vitamin B12 blood test measures the total amount of vitamin B12 in your blood. It’s used to diagnose and monitor vitamin B12 deficiency.

A 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) blood test, also known as a vitamin D test, measures the level of vitamin D in your blood. This test is the most accurate way to determine your overall vitamin D status. 

Detects the presence of bile pigments in urine, which may indicate liver dysfunction or bile duct obstruction.

Identifies sugar in the urine, which can suggest elevated blood glucose levels or impaired glucose regulation.

Measures ketone bodies produced during fat metabolism, often elevated in prolonged fasting, low-carbohydrate diets, or poorly controlled diabetes.

Screens for certain bacterial infections, as some bacteria convert nitrates into nitrites in the urinary tract.

Detects protein leakage into urine, which may indicate kidney stress or early kidney damage.

Identifies blood in the urine, which can be associated with infection, kidney stones, inflammation or other urinary tract conditions.

Measures a by-product of bilirubin breakdown, helping assess liver function and red blood cell turnover.

Detects immune cells in urine, often elevated in urinary tract infections or inflammation.

Assesses the acidity or alkalinity of urine, which can reflect hydration status, diet, metabolic balance and kidney function.

TSH is produced by the pituitary gland in the brain, acts on the thyroid gland to regulate thyroid hormone production.

T4 is a thyroid hormone responsible for many bodily functions including (but not exclusive to) the metabolism, mood, body temperature.

T3 is a thyroid hormone. It plays an important role in the body’s control of metabolism (the many processes that control the rate of activity in cells/tissues.

A protein found in your muscles that helps store and carry oxygen so your muscles can make energy and work properly.